Here Is a Brief History of Print Journalism in America

When it comes to the history of journalism, everything starts with the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. However, while Bibles and other books were among the first things produced by Gutenbergs press, it wasnt until the 17th century that the first newspapers were distributed in Europe. The first regularly published paper came out twice a week in England, as did the first daily, The Daily Courant. A New Profession in a Fledgling Nation In America, the history of journalism is inextricably intertwined with the history of the country itself. The first newspaper in the American colonies - Benjamin Harriss Publick Occurrences both Foreighn and Domestick - was published in 1690 but immediately shut down for not having a required license. Interestingly, Harris newspaper employed an early form of reader participation. The paper was printed on three sheets of stationery-size paper and the fourth page was left blank so that readers could add their own news, then pass it on to someone else. Many newspapers of the time were not objective or neutral in tone like the papers we know today. Rather, they were fiercely partisan publications that editorialized against the tyranny of the British government, which in turn did its best to crack down on the press. An Important Case In 1735, Peter Zenger, publisher of the New York Weekly Journal, was arrested and put on trial for allegedly printing libelous things about the British government. But his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that the articles in question could not be libelous because they were based on fact. Zenger was found not guilty, and the case established the precedent that a statement, even if negative, cannot be libelous if it is true. This landmark case helped establish the foundation of a free press in the then-fledgling nation. The 1800s There were already several hundred newspapers in the U.S. by 1800, and that number would grow dramatically as the century wore on. Early on, papers were still very partisan, but gradually they became more than simply mouthpieces for their publishers. Newspapers were also growing as an industry. In 1833 Benjamin Day opened the New York Sun and created the Penny Press. Days cheap papers, filled with sensational content  aimed at a working-class audience, were a huge hit. With huge increases in circulation and larger printing presses to meet the demand, newspapers became a mass medium. This period also saw the establishment of more prestigious newspapers that began to incorporate the kinds of journalistic standards that we know today. One such paper started in 1851 by George Jones and Henry Raymond, made a point of featuring quality reporting and writing. The name of the paper? The New York Daily Times, which later became The New York Times. The Civil War The Civil War era brought technical advances like photography to the nations great papers. And the advent of the telegraph enabled Civil War correspondents to transmit stories back to their newspapers home offices with unprecedented speed. Telegraph lines often went down, so reporters learned to put the most important information in their stories into the first few lines of the transmission. This led to the development of the tight, inverted-pyramid style of writing that we associate with newspapers today. This period also saw the formation of The Associated Press wire service, which started as a cooperative venture between several large newspapers wanting to share the news that arrived by telegraph from Europe. Today the AP is the worlds oldest and one of the largest news agencies. Hearst, Pulitzer Yellow Journalism The 1890s saw the rise of publishing moguls William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Both owned papers in New York and elsewhere, and both employed a sensationalistic kind of journalism designed to lure as many readers as possible. The term yellow journalism dates from this era; it comes from the name of a comic strip - The Yellow Kid - published by Pulitzer. The 20th Century - And Beyond Newspapers thrived into the mid-20th century but with the advent of radio, television and then the Internet, newspaper circulation underwent a slow but steady decline. In the 21st century, the newspaper industry has grappled with layoffs, bankruptcies and even the closing of some publications. Still, even in an age of 24/7 cable news and thousands of websites, newspapers maintain their status as the best source for in-depth and investigative news coverage. The value of newspaper journalism is perhaps best demonstrated by the Watergate scandal, in which two reporters, Bob Woodward, and Carl Bernstein, did a series of investigative articles about corruption and nefarious doings in the Nixon White House. Their stories, along with ones done by other publications, led to President Nixons resignation. The future of print journalism as an industry remains unclear. On the internet, blogging about current events has become enormously popular, but critics charge that most blogs are filled with gossip and opinions, not real reporting. There are hopeful signs online. Some websites are returning to old-school journalism, such as VoiceofSanDiego.org, which highlights investigative reporting, and GlobalPost.com, which focuses on foreign news. While the quality of print journalism remains high, its clear that newspapers as an industry must find a new business model in order to survive well into the 21st century.

Case Study - Economic Turmoil in Latvia - 1006 Words

Case study 4 – Economic Turmoil in Latvia 1.) In 2008 Latvia experienced a banking crisis that stemmed from a poorly regulated banking sector. The banking sector was using aggressive lending to grow the increased inflow of foreign capital, most of which came from Russia. This lead to a property bubble, similar to what was happening in the United States of America (US), prices were being bid up by borrowers who had access to cheap loans. Before the government could step in to control the bubble that was created the property bubble in the US burst sending a rippling affect through the world. This was hardest felt by the banking sector, which now had to reclaim their loans while investors were withdrawing their money as quickly as they†¦show more content†¦The Latvian government should have monitored the lending of loans by the private financial institutions stricter and ensured the credit growth never got to the point it did. If the government dictated that the banks were to manage their lending policies tighter then the Latvian citizens would not have had access to such vast quantities of inexpensive credit and thus would not have had the means to create such demand in the market leading to double digit inflation. Alternatively the Latvian government could of increased interest rates to slow down borrowing as a pre-emptive maneuverer to avoid the impeding economic meltdown. The sooner the government acted on curbing the unsustainable growth the less an impact the crises would of had on the economy as well as the impact of the necessary interventions implemented to stop the economic downturn. Most believed however that the Latvian government should have opted to devalue the currency which could have resulted in a swifter recovery with less consequences and hardship economically. However if the Latvian government decided for the devaluation of the Lat they would have seriously hampered their efforts to adopt the Euro as their national currency. Countries such as Greece and Spain are experiencing the same situation currently but are unable to devalue the currency as they have adopted the Euro as their currency.Show MoreRelatedCase Study - Economic Turmoil in Latvia999 Words   |  4 PagesCase study 4 – Economic Turmoil in Latvia 1.) In 2008 Latvia experienced a banking crisis that stemmed from a poorly regulated banking sector. The banking sector was using aggressive lending to grow the increased inflow of foreign capital, most of which came from Russia. This lead to a property bubble, similar to what was happening in the United States of America (US), prices were being bid up by borrowers who had access to cheap loans. Before the government could step in to control the bubble thatRead MoreEconomic Turmoil Of Latvi A Case Study Presenting The Economic Challenges With Latvia872 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic Turmoil in Latvia is a case study presenting the economic challenges with Latvia. Latvia is a country of approximately 2.5 million people, and is part of the Baltic States. When the Soviet Union collapsed, Latvia who is one of the three Baltic States gained its independence. Latvia was doing well and was experiencing fast economic growth power-driven by a vibrant private sector (Hill, 2014). The following case study will elaborate more on Latvia economic condition and present questions aboutRead MoreEconomic Turmoil in Latvia1496 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 5 Economic Turmoil in Latvia September 11, 2014 General Description and Central Issue of the Case The Republic Latvia is a country of 24,938 square miles on the Baltic Sea, with 310 miles of shoreline. 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A Mothers Love Summary Free Essays

Nothing comes close to having love that a mother haves for her children. Most women are great mothers to their children. Women that carry their children before they are born and then continue to take care them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on A Mothers Love: Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moms make sure that their children are safe and happy through their childhood. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels for her children that drives these feelings. It is hard to describe the feeling that a mom has towards her children. Most people don’t understand this love unless they are mothers themselves. Raising a child comes with a lot of frustrations, starting the needy new born baby that needs regular care to a teenager, a mother’s job is everything but easy. A famous saying states that â€Å"God could not be everywhere and so he invented mothers†, these words are an inspiration to mothers all across the world. A mother puts her children before anything else, including their own comfort and happiness. Mothers give alot of support to their child, whether it is visible support or background encouragement. Not only do mothers support their children, but they hold the whole family structure together. This role is not always plain sailing. Mother’s can also be mad or hurt. Mother’s often takes the fallout for the toddler tantrums and the teenage angst. Despite this, mothers will love their children no matter what they do. Mothers were meant to be the cheerleaders for their children, sometimes in loud and visible ways, sometimes in unspoken way in the background. Mothers can often be the backbone of families. A mother’s job is not always the easiest one. Moms have to make sacrifices and can also have their hearts broken. The great thing about mothers is that they usually understand and love their kids in all ways. Every year there is a day set aside to celebrate the role of a mother. This day is called Mother’s Day. This day is a good opportunity for children of all ages to show their appreciation for the work of a mother. Every year there is one special day put aside for mothers. What else could it be called but â€Å"Mothers Day. â€Å"? This is the day that their sons and daughters who are grown make the long distance calls or take their moms out for dinner. Mother’s Day is a special day when mom gets the flowers she deserves. Mother’s Day is a day when children stop and say thank you to mom for all she has done over the years. Young children make mothers homemade cards that bring tears to mother’s eyes and make her realize that it is all worth it. Describing a mother’s love is impossible. It is a feeling that can only be understood by those who are mother’s. In time, a mother’s daughters will grow up to be mothers themselves. Never underestimate what a mother has over a child. It may not always seem this way, but children look to their mother for guidance on how they should deal with certain situations in everyday life. On the rare occasions that a mother is unable to look after their children, maybe through illness or death, it can have a tragic impact on the life of the children. Mothers have incredible power over their children that they must be respected. It is a tragedy for a child when the mother is not someone who looks after the child properly. It is a tragedy when a child or children lose their mother’s at a young age. Official Essay A Mother’s Love Nothing can come close to the love that a mother feels for her children. Most women are inherently excellent mothers. Women carry their young before they are born and then continue to nurture them throughout their childhood and even into adulthood. Mothers make sure that their children are safe and happy throughout their childhood. It is the unconditional love that a mother feels that drives these feelings. It is hard to describe the feeling that a mother has towards her children. In fact, most people do not understand unless they become a mother themselves. Raising children comes with its own share of frustrations, from the needy new born baby that requires regular care to the sullen teenager, a mother’s job is anything but easy. A famous saying states that â€Å"God could not be everywhere and so he invented mothers†, these words are a great inspiration to mothers across the world. When all is well, a mother puts her children before anything else, including their own comfort and happiness. Mothers give an awful lot of support to their children, whether it involves very visible support or simple background encouragement. Not only do mothers support their children, but they also often hold the whole family structure together. This role is not always plain sailing. A mother can also be upset or hurt. Remember that a mother often takes the fallout for the toddler tantrums and the teenage angst. Despite this, mothers, generally, will love their children no matter what they do. Mothers are meant to be the cheerleaders of their kids, sometimes in loud and visible ways, sometimes in sublet or unspoken ways in the background. Mothers are often the backbone of families. Mother’s job is not always an easy one. Mothers have to make sacrifices. Mothers can have their hearts broken. Mothers must be the conscience of young children and are often the brunt of their anger and pain as they grow into adulthood. The great thing about mothers is that they usually understand and love their kids anyways. Every year there is a day set aside to celebrate the role of a mother. Unsurprisingly, the day is called Mother’s Day. This day is a great opportunity for children of all ages to show their appreciation for the work of a mother. Gifts and cards, often handmade with care, are given as a sign of love. Every year there is one special day put aside for mothers. What else could it be called but â€Å"Mothers Day. â€Å"? This is the day that sons and daughters who are grown make the long distance calls or take their moms out for dinner. Mother’s Day is a special day when mom gets the flowers she deserves. Mother’s Day is a day when children stop and say thank you to mom for all she has done over the years. Young children make mothers homemade cards that bring tears to mother’s eyes and make her realize that it is all worth it. Describing a mother’s love is virtually impossible. It is a feeling that can only truly be understood by those that experience it. In time, a mother’s daughters will grow up to be mothers themselves. Never underestimate the influence that a mother has over a child. It may not always appear this way, but children look to their mother for guidance on how they should deal with situations. On the rare occasions that a mother is unable to look after their children, maybe through illness or death, it can have a tragic impact on the life of the children. Mothers have incredible power over their children that they must be respect. It is a tragedy for a child when the mother is not someone who looks after the child properly. It is a tragedy when a child or children lose their mother’s at a young age. How to cite A Mothers Love: Summary, Papers

Union Budget Report of the Indian Government †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Union Budget Report of the Indian Government. Answer: Introduction As per Article 112 of Indian Constitution the Union Budget that is also known as the annual financial statement, is the projected expenses and receipts of government for the specific year. The Union Budget of the nation maintains the records for the fiscal year for which the budget is prepared that will be applicable to the country from 1st April to 31st March. Further, the revenue budget is divided into the capital budget and revenue budget (Sarkar 2016). This report is prepared to focus on the revenue budget of the Indian Government that includes the expenditures as well as the revenue receipts. As there are 2 types of budget, that is the non-tax revenue and taxable revenue receipts, this report will find out the day to day expenses of the government associated with various services that are offered to the people of the country. If the revenue expenses exceed the revenue receipts then the net result will be shown as revenue deficit. In the 1st part of the report the details regarding the research like the findings and issues and the crucial points from the findings will be discussed. In the 2nd part, the crucial output and the outcome indicators and the crucial points from the outcomes will be discussed. Finally, based on the findings the conclusion and recommendation will be presented (Mittal 2015). Needs and identification The union budget affects the people as well as the government in various ways. For instance, schemes related to new welfare, alterations in the tax rate and schemes related to the development in infrastructure. Various sectors of the economy analyses the union budget as per its impact on them. However, the union budget is required for the following purposes are Resource reallocation: various economic related activities that the private sectors do not consider as profitable, owing to which it fails to attain the set social objectives. The government shall interfere in these areas through budget. For instances, these sectors are infrastructure, education and health sector (Duggal 2015). Reducing inequalities: from 1990s, the inequalities among the wealth and income have gone up in India. The subsidies and taxes under the union budget can be utilised to decrease the inequalities (Asher 2016). Reduction of regional disparities: regional disparities exist there that work as a barrier to the development of India. However, some urban areas has been emerged as the growth engine, the surroundings are far behind than expected. Therefore, the budget shall implement the policies to assure unique development for creating the bridge for division (Patel 2015). Reducing the poverty: though in the last few decades, India has appeared as economic superpower, the level of poverty is still remains high. Therefore, the union budget shall include the programmes and strategies to eliminate poverty through various programmes and schemes (Bhaumik 2015). Managing the public sector enterprises: under the approach of mixed economy that is adopted in India, the government are the owner of few public sector organizations like electricity and railways. Therefore, the budget shall have the policies for the purpose of optimum operation of these public sector organizations (Suresh and Maity 2015). Stabilization of economy: low rate of inflation, high rate of economic growth and low rate of employment shall be sought out to attain the policies that are outlined in the budget (Adak and Halder 2016). Issues related to the budget The financial services of India are taking the dynamic shape with regard to the various Regulatory as well as government measures that are announced over the past years. the industry of financial services has been developed during the past years as follows: Credit-deposit ratio: marginally increased to 53.4% from 52.3% Gross bank credit: the credit in the housing sector increased by 4.4% an dthe micro credit has reduced to 4.5% Aggregate deposits in bank: INR 90.30 lakhs in aggregate (9.3%) Key issues found are as follows Banking sector: Higher level of NPA under the public sector undertaking banks that amounted to INR 4.8 Lakh Crore Demonetization caused the lowering if cost of the funds Credit growth in lower rate (-0.8% during 2017 financial year) Requirement of credit off-take for utilising the higher deposits based for managing the capital adequacy ratios (Joshi and Ruparel 2016) Non-banking financial companies (NBFC) The NBFC sector has experienced better growth as compared to the banking areas during the last few years. the retail assets that are under management amounted to INR 4.2 lakh crores during 2015 an dare expected to become INR 6.1 lakh crore during 2017 FY. The rapid growth in the disbursement of credit by the NBFC was owing to their capability of mitigating the risks and creating demand in the niche market. However, the profitability of NBFC was considerably high as compared to the commercial banks. The key issues found in this sector are as follows: The benefits under section 43D was not available that lead to cash to be affected negatively owing to the taxes on the sticky advances, irrespective of the receipts Higher level of compliance costs and overhead cost that were caused by the TDS certificate collection from the customers. Overview of the insurance During the past few years, the insurance sector in India has experienced various regulations. These involves improving the foreign direct investments limits, issuance of the entry licence to the global reinsurances, formulating the norms for listing for the purpose of general insurances and launching the series of Pradhan mantri schemes for the financial inclusion. The findings from the insurance sector are as follows: The average growth for premium was 7.9% as compared to the 9.8% for emerging economies. The rate of insurance penetration was 3.44% as compared to the 6.2% of the world average The protection gap was 92.2% for the FY2015 and it was only 20% of the population in the health insurance sector and around 60% in the area of uninsured motor vehicles that run on the roads (Chava and Deshpande 2015). The key issues that were found from the insurance sector are as follows: Lack of mindset with regard to returns and lack of awareness Unfavourable ratio of the expenditure of government towards the health care that is 30% as compared to Chinas 56%. Low rate of penetration of insurance Requirement of trained distributor network as well as agents to minimise the misspelling and implement a long-run agenda for the association. Mutual fund overview The mutual funds have experienced overall growth for the past 10 years. The size of the mutual fund asset has gone up by 14% that is amounted to INR 13.5 lakh crore. Further, the fresh investments have gone up to INR 2.9 lakh crore from INR 1.8 lakh. However, the penetration in the mutual fund has been only 7% as compared to the 37% of the average of world. The key issues found from the mutual fund sector are as follows: Lack of penetration for mutual fund Lack of preference and awareness for the old method of the investment, for instance, gold and saving accounts High level of distribution cost in B-15 locations Requirement of formulation for strategic partnership, for instance, the postal networks and payment banks Requirement of trained distributors and agents. Program outcomes of the budget Projected Union budget of India for the financial 2019-20 (Amount in Crores) Particular Amount Amount Receipts Tax revenue Corporation tax ? 4,53,228.00 Income tax ? 2,87,637.00 Wealth tax ? 1,080.00 service tax ? 2,11,414.00 taxes on the union territories ? 3,878.00 Total ? 9,57,237.00 Non-tax revenue receipt of interest ? 25,378.00 profits and dividends ? 1,12,127.00 other non-tax revenue ? 1,10,336.00 external grants ? 1,881.00 Total ? 2,49,722.00 receipt of debts ? 5,32,791.00 Total receipts ? 17,39,750.00 Less: Expenses Expenditures of Centre Establishment expenses ? 3,34,870.00 expenses for central projects ? 5,21,374.00 expenses of regulatory and statutory bodies ? 5,818.00 expenses of autonomous bodies ? 41,939.00 public sector banking ? 25,000.00 other expenses ? 5,08,829.00 Total ? 14,37,830.00 Centrally sponsored schemes expenses for centrally sponsored projects ? 2,01,071.00 grants of finance commission ? 84,579.00 Other transfers/ loans/ grants ? 16,270.00 ? 3,01,920.00 Total Expenses ? 17,39,750.00 The above presented budget provides focus on the receipts and expenses that are expected to be received and expensed in the coming year that is the financial year 2019-20. In the above presented budget, it is identified that the receipts of the government includes various receipts like receipts from various taxes like corporation tax, income tax, service tax and wealth tax. The expenses of the government will include the items like establishment expenses grants to finance commission, public sector undertakings and expenses for the central projects are few to be named. Analysis of receipts The receipts excluded the recoveries from the advances and short-term loans from various states, loans made to the government employees and the receipts under the scheme of market stabilization are not taken into consideration (Kumar 2014). Analysis of expenses The expenses related to the establishments of the central are inclusive of all the expenditures associated with establishment and are inclusive of the establishment expenses that are attached to the subordinate offices. The finance commission transfers included in the deed of transfers to state and the category of the other transfer to state are inclusive of all the other transfers to the states that are made under the assistance to scheme and the relief fund related to the national disaster (Bhatia 2016). Further, the centrally sponsored schemes are inclusive of the schemes that are decided by the report of the chief ministers sub-group based on the rationalization of the centrally sponsored schemes will be approved by the cabinet during 2017. Finally, the centrally sector schemes are inclusive of all the schemes that are totally implemented and funded by the central agencies (Pandita et al. 2017). It is expected that the Indian economy will end up the next year with high growth of 8% irrespective of fighting with the global economy that will lead to deteriorating the investment position. Further, the domestic economy will continue showing the flexibility even in case of the deteriorating international environment. During the year, it is also expected to experience various initiatives like amendment of GST bill and the bankruptcy code bill are also expected to be agreed upon. Irrespective of the demonetization, the Indian economy is expected to stand at the noteworthy changes for moving towards the unified tax and the GST. The Indian government on its part is confident regarding the existing schemes and approach and will increase the distribution in various programmes in the next Union budget. Therefore, the next step will clearly be efficient implementation of the schemes. That can potentially be helpful for the economy from the structural aspect. Schemes for removing the shor tages of skill are expected to lead to the healthier market for job that is in compliance with the changes in time for bringing the changes at supply of economy. While some challenges are there at the domestic level such as inflation, some challenges exist there at the international level that remains in the geo-political matters; the set up by the Union budget is prepared with the sustainable approach which in turn, will lead to the growth of economy. Conclusion and recommendation It has been concluded from the above discussion that the various economic related activities that the private sectors do not consider as profitable, owing to which it fails to attain the set social objectives. The inequalities among the wealth and income have gone up in India. The subsidies and taxes under the union budget can be utilised to decrease the inequalities. The regional disparities exist there that work as a barrier to the development of India. However, some urban areas has been emerged as the growth engine, the surroundings are far behind than expected. Though in the last few decades, India has appeared as economic superpower, the level of poverty is still remains high under the approach of mixed economy that is adopted in India. The government are the owner of few public sector organizations like electricity and railways. Low rate of inflation, high rate of economic growth and low rate of employment shall be sought out to attain the policies that are outlined in the budg et. However, looking into the projected budget of the country for the financial year 2019-20, it can be recommended that the government shall interfere in these areas through budget. For instances, these sectors are infrastructure, education and health sector. The subsidies and taxes under the union budget can be utilised to decrease the inequalities. Further, the budget shall implement the policies to assure unique development for creating the bridge for division. Moreover, the union budget shall include the programmes and strategies to eliminate poverty through various programmes and schemes. Therefore, the budget shall have the policies for the purpose of optimum operation of these public sector organizations. Further, the Budget preparer are suggest to take into consideration the following things It shall be committed for providing a predictable and stable regime for taxation Additional options to banking companies and financial institutions, including NBFCs, for input tax credits reversal with regard to non-taxable services Customs Act shall provide the deferred payment with regard to customs duties for exporters and importers and exporters with the proven track record. Provide alternative documents to PAN card for the non-residents Single window projects with regards to the customers shall be implemented at major airports and ports from the next year With regard to the free baggage allowances to the international passengers, the baggage that are carrying the dutiable goods are only to be filed E-assessment facility shall be implemented in the major cities References Adak, D. and Halder, S., 2016. Union Budget 2016-17: Impact Analysis on the Rural Sector.The MA Journal,51(4), pp.38-42. Asher, M.G., 2016. The 2016-17 Budget: A Positive Step in India's Transformation Process. Bhatia, H.I., 2016. Decoding the Structure of Indias Union Budget.Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research,5(1). Bhaumik, S., 2015. Misplaced priorities in the union health budget 2015.Journal of family medicine and primary care,4(2), p.174. Chava, S. and Deshpande, V., 2015. Union Budget 2015: Reflections Revelations.The MA Journal,50(4), pp.58-63. Duggal, R., 2015.Union Budget 2015-16: Shocking Neglect of Health Care(No. id: 6551). Joshi, A. and Ruparel, P., 2016. India. InAngel Financing in Asia Pacific: A Guidebook for Investors and Entrepreneurs(pp. 151-169). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kumar, N., 2014. Goods and Services Tax in India: A Way Forward.Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,3(6). Mittal, P., 2015. Impact of Union Budget on Indian Economy.Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance,5(9), pp.19-26. Pandita, V., Patthi, B., Singla, A., Gupta, R., Malhi, R. and Prasad, M., 2017. Eliminating health disparities by implementation of oral health allocation in Union Budget-Empowering change.Journal of PEARLDENT,8(1), pp.9-24. Patel, V., 2015. Union Budget 201516, through Gender Lens.Feminists India. Sarkar, S.S., 2016. Indian Union Budget 2016-17-in The Path of Growth.Global Journal For Research Analysis,5(3). Suresh, V. and Maity, B., 2015. The framework and process of Indian Union Budget with reference to 2015-2016.TSM Business Review,3(1), p.88.

Ultimate Guide to Georgetowns Dorms

For all those eager college-bound college students, we are putting together a guide and review on freshmen dorms at universities all over the country. To start with, we asked our college users from Georgetown University to weigh in on the freshmen year housing.Quick overview: At Georgetown, all first years must live on campus, and there are 4 specific residence halls for freshmen. Most of the dorm rooms are doubles and triples, but theres an eight person loft with two floors. During the summer before your freshman year, youll be asked to do CHARMS (Campus Housing Roommate Matching System) to find a roommate. You answer a survey, and the program suggests people with similar living preferences and you can message each other anonymously to discuss compatibility. If you choose not to participate in the program, you are randomly paired up with others that had chosen similarly. You and your roommate are then randomly placed into one of these four freshmen dorms:Village C West Location:It is located pretty much in the center of campus, so its easy to get to anywhere you want on campus. Best Feature: Private bathroom Worst Feature:Smallest room. Also, laundry room is under VCE, which means you have to lug your dirty laundry across the patio. Village C West, more affectionately known as VCW among Georgetown students, is a hotel-styled dorm. The dorms include a private bathroom located within your room that you share with your roommates. However, as a result of the bathroom, VCW rooms tend to be smaller than the rooms in other dorms. There are approximately 8 floors in VCW, and on each floor there is a trash room and a common room. The common room contains couches that you can lounge and a kitchen with an oven, stove, refrigerator, and microwave. VCW is also where the legendary 8 person loft is located if you are lucky enough to be placed there! Harbin Hall Location:This is right next to VCW, so it also a really central location. Best Feature: Spacious bedroom Worst Feature: Communal bathrooms Harbin is a dorm with bedroom rooms and bathrooms located outside of the room. The rooms are set up in a cluster format, with the rooms arranged in a circle with the bathroom in the middle. The clusters of rooms are single-gendered, but there can be multiple clusters of different genders on the same floor. There are about 3 clusters per floor and 9 floors in total. It is the highest building on Georgetown campus, so those who live in Harbin can have the highest view on campus. New South Location:On the edge of the campus, so if most of your classes on the opposite side of campus, youre in for a long walk. Best Feature: Next to the New South student center that opened just last year! Worst Feature: Noisiest dorm New South is the newest freshman dorm of the four. It has the best view on campus, because about half of its dorm overlook the Potomac River. The floor is laid out with rows of rooms that face each other on either side of a very long hall way, which also means there are a lot of people in this dorm. The rooms in New South are known to be the largest of the four dorms and each room has a sink. Darnall Hall Location: Furtherest freshmen dorm Best Feature: On top of Epicurean Worst Feature: Far from everything else Whereas the three other dorms are located in central campus, Darnell is unfortunately located on the far north edge of Georgetown. However, this isn’t a huge issue for many as Georgetown isnt a particularly large campus and most places can be reached within 10 minutes from Darnell. The floor layout of Darnall is very similar to that of New South, except the rooms do not have a sink. Darnell is located right on top of Epicurean, one of two cafeterias on Georgetown campus and the only one that is open 24 hours a day. Want to see what they look like in person? Heres a video tour of all the freshmen dorms at Georgetown: Share your with us and help others who are interested in your school better understand the application process. Plus, you get to cash out your$10 signup bonusand earn extra money for college! What are you waiting for?

The Art of Stained Glass essays

The Art of Stained Glass essays Many artists place the art of stained glass into the category of minor art. To some artists, the action of making stained glass is a craft, but the final product is viewed, not only as a work of art but also an expression of the artist, the subject they were presenting, and the architecture that held the stained glass. Labeling art as a craft is an insult to the artist; it is a nice way of saying the art is mediocre. The art of stained glass takes an acquired vision. The manufacturing of stained glass windows is extremely labor intensive and costly. It combines skills used in painting and architecture to create a new, eye pleasing art form. In this paper I am going to prove that stained glass is truly art by describing and comparing the works of art in the Cathedral of St. Julien du Mans with other stained glass windows. The art of stained glass came from the Norman and Early English styles. Accidental varieties of color arose from the crudeness of methods of glass manufacturing which originated the idea of applying color to glass. The Cathedral of St. Julien du Mans was built between the 11th and 13th centuries. Stained glass belonged wholly to the Christian era. During this time there were no stained glass designers. The Medieval and Byzantine attitude towards the artists was not respectable and they were often taken for granted. They belonged to an accepted order of things. Some artists were the creators the glass and some constructed the windows. To this day, great stained glass artists of the11th-15th centuries can not be named like the artists of paintings and architects. Stained glass artists had great talent, but at the time, were viewed simply as creators of windows and not as the talented artists they were. Artists simply developed and expounded a fundamentally traditional form of art. During the 11th 15th centuries there were many great aspects of stained glass that made...

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Socrates - Essay Example Socrates uses himself as an example when he teaches that beauty does not guarantee happiness. True beauty is inner beauty, the beauty of one’s spirit and character. In conjunction with happiness, which was also a construct that Socrates discussed, he denotes that one cannot tell if a person is happy or not based on his external appearance, but happiness, like kindness, is a matter of inner qualities. His famous motto: â€Å"An unexamined life is not worth living† is a testimony to how much he values thinking and philosophy and the perennial introspection of why we exist. Constantly reflecting about one’s life and impact on others creates meaning for a person and Socrates encourages that we indulge in deep, critical thinking ourselves at all times. Socrates’ legacy is not volumes of his philosophical writings, but how he impacted the thinking of other philosophers. Plato described him as an â€Å"unambivalent† individual who stood clearly for some va lues and firm against others. For him, there were no gray areas2. As a sophist, or wizened people who taught valuable skills for a price, Socrates went against their practice and did not charge for his instruction3. He is considered a paradigmic individual who is known to provoke intense reactions among people – love and acceptance or rejection and exclusion of his ideas. Being so, he is very â€Å"influential as a teacher, adviser, social reformer or a significant religious figure†4. His words are powerful enough to strike one’s emotions and conscience especially with moral dilemmas that can compromise one’s integrity. He has been known for his discourses using questioning or the Socratic dialectic wherein he draws out the truth from people by asking them questions. He believes that each person possesses an inherent truth and it only takes deep questioning to let it out. In doing so, the person comes up with a clearer definition of a key concept from his own thinking. Socrates believes this as a more effective method of learning rather than filling up an empty vessel with knowledge, or spoonfeeding information. The Socratic method involves a series of questions until a contradicting view surfaces to oppose the initial assumption.5 His controversial style is unparalleled and can be considered too heavy for some people because he communicates on more than one level. With his Socratic irony, he maintains two levels of meaning – the literal or obvious level and the hidden or real level. People with deep wisdom can easily understand his thinking and realize that things are not always as they first appear. Sometimes, there is a deeper meaning that should be unearthed6. The inquisitor begins with a position of not knowing anything but leads the questioning.7 At times, though, he uses ambiguous, but well-chosen examples in his discourses. They may even be counterintuitive or poorly supported claims, but he uses them with discernment , knowing that it would bring about more thinking from his students and could be a better strategy in achieving protreptic and pedagogical goals.8 In this way, Socrates may be considered a unique kind of teacher who successfully keeps his audience at awe of his teachings, ever alert and vigilant for bits of knowledge they can gain from such a wise man. From his earlier interest in scientific theories, he moved on to thinking about the development of the moral character of a person.9 Having served as a

Organizational behavior during an economic crisis Essay

Organizational behavior during an economic crisis - Essay Example Moreover, sudden changes in circumstances and events bring their own set of complications. The financial crisis that is affecting individuals, companies, industries, countries and whole regions demands more than the simple and traditional ideas of motivation. This study surveys the European car industry by taking a closer look at the industry in two specific countries viz. Germany and the Czech republic. The problems being faced by carmakers in these countries are highlighted to serve as examples of what the industry is experiencing. This provides the background for the typical motivational issues arising during the ongoing financial crisis. Methods are then suggested that could be effective during this crisis, and an explanation is offered at the outset as to why the motivation method used during crises would be different from the period before the crises. â€Å"Motivation in an organizational setting is a social process in which some members try to influence others, to work harder, work smarter, work more effectively.† (Buchanan, 1997: 83) Whether there is a crisis or not, this remains the same under all conditions unless the organization does not seek to be progressive any longer. The organizational goals are the same, and the same tools used to keep employers engaged and motivated are employed except that priorities change in line with the change in contextual circumstances. Taylor’s scientific approach to organizational management may seem to be appropriate for a mechanical production industry as the car industry is, but people are not mere mechanical beings like cars. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides a better identification of the needs of workers and therefore is a model for employee motivation, at least under normal conditions. Effective task fragmentation however could provide a basis for improving efficiency. Maslow’s lower categories identify physiological, safety, social and esteem needs. The first covers basic needs of food and

Finance - Valid Contract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance - Valid Contract - Assignment Example Before a contract becomes legally binding, there are some essentials that must be satisfied otherwise referred to as elements of a contract. Elements of a valid contract are: 1. Offer and acceptance In a contract, there are two parties: the offeror and the offerree. The offeror makes an offer that has to be accepted by the offered without alteration of the terms i.e. the offer must be accepted precisely (Burnett, 2010). The promise by one party to do or not to do something if the party accepts to do or not do something in return is referred to as an offer. Where the offered gives new terms in order to accept the contact, then this will be referred to as a counter offer. Both an offer and acceptance must be communicated (Burnett, 2010). Advertisement, preliminary negotiations or opinions does not constitute an offer but are considered an action to treat. 2. Intention to create a legal relation An agreement in itself does not constitute a contract unless the parties to the contract int end to be legally bound in their agreement hence an agreement between minors does not constitute a contract (Liuzzo, 2010). Proof of creating a legal binding agreement is therefore mandatory. 3. Consideration Consideration is the price paid in return of the promise of another party. The consideration must have value not necessarily money. An interest, a right, or benefit to the party making a promise. Furthermore, the consideration must not be something that is illegal e.g. committing a crime, as a price is not considered as a consideration. It should be noted that the adequacy or inadequacy of the consideration does not affect the validity of the contract (Burnett, 2010). One only needs to prove that there was consideration in the formation of the contract. 4. Capacity to contract Not everybody can enter into a contract because of legal limitation. Minors, people with mental impairment, prisoners and bankrupt individuals or corporation therefore lack the legal capacity to enter int o a valid contract. This is because the parties might lack the ability to understand fully the implication of the contracts (Liuzzo, 2010). Contracts with minors are also invalid because they might be compromised. However, contracts with minors are enforceable where the contact is of the supply of necessities e.g. supply of cloth, medicine, and food in some cases. 5. Consent willingly attained In entering a valid contract, the parties must have made the decision freely and willingly without any interference or coercion. A proof that either parties consent was not freely obtained will make the contract void. The factors that may affect proper consent include mistakes, duress, undue influence, or false statements. Mistakes will make contracts not binding if it relates to the very basis of the agreements e.g. mistake in signing of the agreement. False statements may be fraudulent, innocent, or negligent. Negligent and fraudulent false statements would normally result in rendering the c ontract void and therefore unenforceable. Undue influence on the other hand entails where one party takes advantage of the weaknesses of the other party to enter into a contract hence impairing voluntary consent to contract e.g. the contract between a teacher and student may be unduly influences. For duress, there must be some element of threat to a party hence making him/her contract unwillingly. 6. Legality of a contract In

Why Do We Need Criminal Law?

Why Do We Need Criminal Law? Why we need Criminal Law. Even though some believe that laws sometimes oppress the people, a society with laws would not be a society but more like a jungle because laws serve to regulate human interaction and laws enforce moral belief. The purposes of criminal law in its simplest form are to protect and serve society. Criminal law has basic functions that help protect society. Criminal law purpose in society function is to protect the basic moral of the people. In the early days in America, history during the so-called Wild West morality was a low point. Criminal without a regard for the law dominated the social norm during the cowboy era. Many townships did not have law enforcement and thus lawlessness had no buffer for crime. If control had not been restored the country in all probability would not exist today. The laws exist to create a line that must not be cross or else one will suffer the consequence of violating the law. According to Frank Schmalleger, the author of Criminal justice today, the fundamental to the concept of criminal law is the assumption that criminal act injure not just individuals, but society as a whole. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.117) Gleaning from his statement it is clear that when a crime is committed it does not only affect the victim but the community. When saying community this is to include family, friends, and possibly neighbors. Therefore, any time a law is broken it can affect many people. Moreover as a society, we need to have buffers to keep order or else disastrous society would be the norm. Since the law act as a buffer for lawlessness it is fair to say that it also set boundaries for law-abiding citizens. In order for criminal law to work these boundaries has to often deterrence. Deterrence is a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment. (Schmalleger, 2011, p. 374) In order to persuade people violating the law, they need to know that there will be consequences for their actions. The purpose of deterrence is not merely to punish one for a crime it also exist t to persuade other from committing the same crime. Often time when one is drive on the interstate or freeways one will see law enforcement sitting on the side of the road. The present of the officer is a simply deterrence to driver speeding. General deterrence main goal is to reduce the probability of one committing a crime. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) When looking at general deterrence, it goal is stop deviance in the general population. Criminal law tries to use general deterrence that will stop future occurrence. When one in a store to shoplift they might see, a sign that state camera are monitoring the store. Furthermore, a store might have a security guard present to deter one stealing. The police might patrol an area near clubs where fight often occurs. However, there is specific deterrence that seeks to avoid repeat offenses. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) In specific deterrence, the goal is to prevent recidivism by convicted offenders. In this theory, it attempts to eliminate the offender repeat the crime by corporal punishment, three strike rule, and shock sentencing. When deterrence does not work the justice system only alternative is punishment. Punishment is much like deterrence in that it is seen as a crime preventive measure. Some see punishment as a nature and deserved consequence of criminal activity. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) If criminal law is to function correctly criminal have to know that if they commit a crime, especially after the system has place deterrence as a buffer to prevent one form committing a crime they will be punished. Punishment for offense such as child molestation is one of the toughest punishments for offenders. Next to the death penalty child molester are given the strict punishment. The offender are often limited to where they can live, seek employment and whom they can interact with in society. One might say that the punishment they receive is just but this punishment often led to recidivism. Therefore, the strictness of this punishment tends to defend the purpose. Society will say that the punishment is a success however, it is not rehabilitating. Punishment does have it place in society and does work but one must ask is punishment just or is just retribution with makeup. Retribution is seen as the act of taking revenge on criminal perpetrator. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.373) Retribution seems like the punishment that child molesters receive. The just deserts model is seen as the criminal getting what they deserve. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) However, this does not solve the problem it perpetual the problem in criminal law. The Court claims to justify the death penalty in retributive terms in part because execution vindicates the communitys interest in denouncing the conduct of the offender with the ultimate penalty. Nevertheless, the Courts analysis is problematic. First, if satisfying the communitys desire for punishment counts as a retributive goal, the Court uncritically understands the death penalty as the ultimate penalty. (Markel, 2009) In conclusion, society knows the purposes of criminal law in its simplest form are to protect and serve society. Criminal law can perform it basic functions, which is to help protect society. However, criminal law will never achieve it s objective if the criminal is not rehabilitated. Rehabilitation should be a main objective next protecting and serving. If society did not have criminal law, the society would not be to survive.

Verifying the Theories of Deborah Tannens You Just Don’t Understand Es

Verifying the Theories of Deborah Tannen's You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation with an Episode of Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher The book You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, written by Deborah Tannen, is an analytical book offering scientific insights on the conversational differences between women and men. The book is copyrighted 1990 and is still read and widely talked about all over the world. Tannen is a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Tannen is a graduate of the University of California-Berkeley and has a doctorate’s degree in linguistics. She is a highly creditable author who has written many books on social differences between women and men. Some of her other books include: That’s Not What I Meant: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships and Talking From 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace. Her books have been translated into 26 languages and are still read by thousands of people every year (Tannen 13). Tannen’s Vocabulary Terms One of Tannen’s major claims is that women use rapport-talk and men use report-talk. Women use their rapport-talk as â€Å"private speaking† (Tannen 77). It is a way to gain connections and negotiations with the people to which women talk. Women will establish similarities and matching experiences to make conversation. On the other hand, men normally talk using the report-talk. Tannen would consider this â€Å"public speaking.† Tannen defines report-talk as â€Å"the primary means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order.† Tannen proceeds to explain how men exhibit their knowledge and skills by telling stories, joking, or even impartin... ...n’t Understand have been put to the test. The episode of Politically Incorrect was a perfect representation of Tannen’s ideas and theories. My evidence definitely agrees with Tannen. The episode of Politically Incorrect demonstrated Tannen’s claims. Tannen’s vocabulary terms of report-talk and rapport-talk were exemplified throughout the episode. I find it quite amazing how accurate Tannen’s main arguments were. An interesting fact is that Tannen wrote You Just Don’t Understand over twelve years ago. Women and men have not changed their conversation styles in that twelve-year time period. Works Cited Politically Incorrect. Perf. Bill Maher, Tom Green, Howard Lyman, Humberto Fontova, and Florence Henderson. KCAU-9, Sioux City. 18 March 2002. Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: First Quill, 2001.

1973 War Powers Act Essay

1. If no judicial court of authority, namely the United States Supreme Court, has stricken the 1973 War Powers Act and declared it null and void constitutionally, how is it that the authors of the text book are able to conclude Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining? How can this be? The law is the law, is it not? (Specifically, explain the political phenomenon that has occurred here and has similarly occurred in other legal and constitutional matters allowing the law to be ignored.) The authors of this text book are able to conclude that Congress has few, if any, war powers remaining because of historical actions. For instance, Congress has not declared war since December 1941, yet the US has been involved and engaged in many Military Campaigns since 1941 under the orders of the president. This situation seems to have come about via many different reasons. One of the reasons that this has happened according to our book was that presidents have claimed that they have inherent executive power to defend the nation. A second reason was that when Truman dispatched American forces to Korea without a congressional declaration, and in the face of the emergency, Congress felt it had to acquiesce, and so passed a resoloution approving the presidents actions. This became the pattern for future congressional-executive relations in the militay realm. 2. Attempting to think as objectively as possible and placing your political partisan beliefs aside (looking at presidents as just that, presidents, as opposed to Democratic or Republican presidents) what does the increase in presidential unilateral military power do to the United States as a nation, for better or worse? (There is no correct answer, yet think through the checks and balances consequences.) As the sign on President Truman’s desk, â€Å"The Buck Stops Here,† presidents throughout the years have adhered to their power as chief executive officer with leagal and constitutional responsiility to ensure that the articles of the Constitution are faithfully executed, along with the power to appoint, remove and supervise all executive officers etc, the president truly is the true CEO of the US. It seems that this power has been taken literally by the presidents dating all the way back to George Washington. The good in this happening is that one chief has say in wha t happens.

The title of the painting: Adoration of the Shepherds

The work is about the joyous celebration of the shepherds upon seeing Jesus, the hailed messiah. It was finished in 1672 by the Italian painter Baciccio. Italians are famous for their passion for painting, and for living their art.This painting of his is approximately 10 11/16 x 8 3/8 inches in size. It is drawn using pen and brown ink, black chalk, washed with brown, and with white bodycolor. (www.getty.edu)Baciccio, whose real name is Giovanni Battista Gaulli and is also called Il Baciccio and Baciccia, was born in Genoa, Italy on the 8th of May 1639. After his parents died of a plague, he became an apprentice of Luciano Borzone and Gianlorenzo Bernini, two renowned painters of his time.Baciccio also saw Correggio’s works, which influenced his illusionism and the gentleness of his pictures. He afterwards became very known for his vault wall painting in the Gesu church of Rome. (wikipedia.com)The Adoration of the Shepherds can be considered a relief sculpture because it bears and combines essential symbols, and it depends on its surface. Here, Baciccio made very much use of the power of lighting and shadowing effects. In the drawing, the only source of light is exuding from the baby, illuminating the faces of the crowd around him and casting dark shadows of the shepherds.This technique of creating pictures wherein light pierces darkness is dubbed as the Art of Nocturnal Light. In this art, the source of the light is something divine, artificial, natural, or has held figurative relations beyond its common role. The nocturnal light – which can be candlelight to add intimacy, fire to symbolize power, or moonlight for landscapes – is intended to enhance the drama of the spiritual sight. (www.getty.edu)Baciccio also used free lines to give the picture a vibrant look, and to exalt the religious subject matter. It attracts viewers to witness the story of the appearance of angels to the shepherds to proclamation the good news of Christ’s bi rth to them, and the shepherds’ journey to Bethlehem to see the infant lying in a manger. (Luke 2:8-20, NKJV) In the scene, the shepherds look at Jesus at his birthplace in Bethlehem.The birthplace is often in the form of a barn or manger. The angels are praising and saying, â€Å"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth, goodwill to men!† This speech became the first lines of the Gloria, the doxology that is traditionally sang in Christian masses.I would not prefer to include this work in my personal collection. The arrangement of the elements is somewhat in a mess. Looking at it, I did not know where to look at first. Some may have also experienced the same difficulty. Hence, peace and comfort is not extended to the viewer, and the viewer is not drawn into the picture.Moreover, the scene is supposed to be joyous, but the picture depicts not one indicator of delight. Its lack of appeal and colorfulness does not invite spectators. One might see it, look at it shortly, and then continue on walking. Because of its monochrome, it might not even be noticed. If I were to put a work in my personal collection, I prefer something catchy, or colorful enough so as to be catchy.

Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay Example

Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay Example Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay Critique Of John Berger English Literature Essay Essay John Berger is an art critic, a novelist and an writer. He is besides a painter. Berger is known for his award winning 1972 book called the G . Berger is besides known for his article an art unfavorable judgment on Ways of seeing . He was born in England in 1926. He attended schools in England and subsequently joined the ground forces. His critic background stemmed while learning pulling in London schools. After dropping from the ground forces he avoided knocking the Soviet Union but subsequently his positions of the same brotherhood became more critical. It is besides good to cognize that, in 1962, Berger drove himself out of Britain to a ego imposed expatriate. The ground he exiled himself from Britain was because he had considered life in this state distasteful. The article Images of adult females in European Art is portion of Berger s book Ways of Sing . In this book, Berger has made the reader see art in a different dimension. He argues that our position of the universe is really dissimilar with the manner it really is. He uses images and non words in first chapters to seek to do readers see themselves in a different dimension. An image of Women in European Art has different false beliefs that portray the manner he sees adult females in society. He argues in this article that adult females are sensuous objects that are at that place to elicit the male audience. He argues that there is a discrepancy in being bare and being bare. Bing naked is to be oneself but being bare is to be seen naked by other people. Berger asserts that adult females are inactive objects that are ever available. The article is, hence, criticized in several ways because of its portraiture of adult females in the European art. In this article, John Berger reconstructs the manner of seeing and attends to perspective and conventions for ocular duologue based on the peoples collective and personal belief concepts. He records the history of art and the manner in which people look at art which he specifies is affected by a concatenation of learnt premises about truth, mastermind and civilisation signifier. He deals with geometric position ; the scene of a disappearing point in pictures and the manner in which adult male was induced to believe, he was the centre of the singularity in the universe as the witness. His treatment of position and adult male s place, as a exclusive spectator with cosmopolitan seeing power, informs his treatment of the built-in gender divisions initiated in early plants of art. Not merely was the spectator s perspective god-like and all knowing, but it was overpoweringly male. More specifically he demonstrates this point in mention to European art. In the signifier of European art, the spectator-owners and painters were ever work forces and these work forces ever saw adult females as objects. This unequal relationship is so profoundly rooted in civilization that it still shapes the consciousness of many adult females. Womans in the society ever see themselves in the mode in which work forces see them. They besides treat themselves the manner work forces handle them. They explore their ain muliebrity. This is the main bequest that he points out in this article. It besides shapes the manner in which the creative persons view adult females. Berger was a painter and, hence, most of his sentiments stemmed from his pictures. He clearly distinguished himself as a painter. The pictures of bare adult females hanged on museum walls were considered as some signifier of immoral act. They were seen as images of sex. They were considered as images that were there to be used and violated. The male bare signifiers of male pictures in museums had a different sort of position harmonizing to Berger. He argued that in the past bare male pictures were seen as a manner in which the imitated Christians christ. They were seen as endeavoring to be like Jesus. In today pictures, male nakedness is seen as non a manner of immoral act but as a signifier of strength. They are considered to be exudating some signifier of virility. In these present yearss adult females, images that are nude are seen as a phonographic. These present sentiments stems from the past portraiture of adult females. The inquiry is, is at that place any difference between a bare adult male and a bare adult female. They are both bare. Why is the adult female portrayed in a negative signifier so? From in depth treatments of position to the apposition of the yesteryear with the present in the usage of promotion images, Berger s thoughts about the societal and aesthetic premises that inform the manner we see are cardinal to understanding our image saturated environment and media consumed lifestyle. From art history, and the rudimentss about the changing nature of position to spectator screening and impressions of familiarity revealed in European nudes and modern promotion images, advancing life style and trade name individualities, Ways of Seeing is complete in its dissection of the complexnesss of our ocular civilization and comprehensive in its geographic expedition of our world. Berger has played a function in modern female thought by researching word pictures of adult females in classical picture and in advertisement. He takes on the topic so squarely, taking into inquiry the full of the adult females s classical images. Berger s decision and that of his interviewees is that the bare adult females s pictures hanging in the best European museums is nil more than erotica. The adult females in those pictures are nil but objects that can be consumed or violated, and nil more. He so forcefully speaks against this portion of the western canon. However, Berger is non without mistakes. His entreaty of oil pictures portrays them as the highest of ocular signifiers. This may non be the instance. In history, picture taking is slightly fuzzed, but harmonizing to Berger, picture taking, as a work of art, was happening its manner into the major galleries and museums in the universe. Photography is now in the same category with other ocular signifiers of art as about equ al. Berger s trust on his ain statements and sentiments, excessively, brings jobs. In about half of his statements, he has nt had a individual female critic discoursing the topic. Berger proficiently weaves the ocular with treatments on the topic of the ocular in distinct and slang less linguistic communication. He clearly presents his positions doing cautious observations about the ocular without looking into art school discussion-style solipsism, ambiguity, tautology, or lie. Berger besides argues that judging adult females as beautiful is a manner of an creative person s position. In Paris, a adult female is judged by how beautiful she looks. Bing beautiful is the ides of a adult male looking at a adult female. This has been incorporated with judgement. A present is awarded to a adult female who is enormously beautiful. This judgement has given birth to what is usually considered like a beauty competition. Those adult females who are considered to be beautiful, gets the monetary value, and those who are non, do non acquire any wages. This is how work forces have set criterions for adult females to utilize in judging themselves. Does this mean that merely adult females who are considered beautiful by work forces ever win? Is it possible that there are other ways of judging adult females? Why is it that work forces are non judged by their beauty? Womans can besides be evaluated a assortment of other abilities and non how beautiful they are. There are adult females authors, painters who have excelled in this field and have won themselves monetary values ( Berger, 1972 ) . The awards to be won in beauty competitions are owned by the justice. These Judgess are, in most instances, work forces. This means that adult females are available to them. It is besides to state that these bare images have been placed to fulfill male impulse and their desire to possess. Berger argues that, most of the bare pictures in museums have been hung to fulfill the gender of a adult male looking at the image. Does it intend, so, that bare pictures are hung to fulfill the male gender merely? Berger besides argues that the adult female s gender should be minimized so that the male audience has control of passion being exuded. He farther says that adult females are at that place to fuel and feed the male s appetency. Who will feed the adult female s appetency if it is merely the male s that has to be fed? It is hypocrisy that work forces paint bare images of adult females because they enjoy looking at them and so jostle image to the adult female to look at her shame. This is reprobating the adult female whose image he had painted to divert himself. While work forces are looking at adult females, adult females besides look at themselves the manner work forces are looking at them therefore doing a dual audience for themselves. They, hence, look at themselves as really witting of how they are presented and how they look in the male eyes. He says that a adult female who looks at herself is considered as a narcist while a adult male who looks at whatever he likes is considered an art cognoscente. Berger argues that merely a individual can turn person into being bare. This is taken a measure farther when Berger points out that the fan proprietor of a picture becomes the witness proprietor of a representation of a adult female ; hence, the witness is depicted as the male and the bare image as the adult female who is intended to blandish the adult male. Male spectatorship is applied in two ways: the exchange between Gerty and Bloom and the reference in the mutoscope of the twentieth century. In Making a Spectacle of Herself, Gerty MacDowell through the Mutoscope, Katherine Mullin Joyce s implicative and arousal Gerty are compared to modest and sexually pure Flint of Cummins. She is portrayed as witting of her beauty and her power to arouse the adult male s attending, but, Flint is wholly unconscious of her beauty. This device is used most of the times to go through on a message to immature 1s. The puritan flint and modest serves as the function theoretical account for vernal Irish adult females. Mullin states that, her wages for her self-doubt is he r ultimate matrimony to her childhood favorite. On the other manus, the sexually unfastened and arousing Gerty is left at the terminal non married. Why is it, so, that work forces paint images of bare adult females and subsequently on reprobate them? In this illustration, a bare adult female was non married subsequently. It is true even to day of the month that those adult females who are portrayed as naked in the web sites or in telecastings are seldom married. This is because work forces believe that they have exposed their nakedness in a really iniquitous manner. Why so did they paint these images if they were non destructing the moral repute of adult females? Berger s treatments of nudity are taken farther when he asserts that, in western Christian art, nudity of male is a symbol of a battle to be more like Christ, while that of female symbolizes lecherousness and wickedness. The male nakedness is, hence, closer to perfection than that of female. The treatments by Miles, about Adam and Eve, are based on this statement, stressing that Eve s believed guilt in the autumn of adult male and her creative activity from the organic structure of Adam have been conventionally treated as the grounds of Eve s failing to Adam. If Eve is a representation of every adult female, her imperfectnesss speak to the common restriction of adult females and their shared wickedness. Based on Berger s Miles positions, the intervention of all adult females by Christianity as possible enchantresss and the acceptance of their expected exposure to evil are seen as unfairness paid to the word picture of adult females. There is, hence, a great ground for the demand of a new signifier of feminist art. Representation of adult females harmonizing to Berger has fallen victim to two systems a ) The usage of their organic structures to arouse the male regard and the ultimate objectification of adult females b ) The aversive and negative intervention in western Christianity. The two systems are major factors that have contributed to the docket attack used in art, literature, and on screens major types used in gender word picture, which was created by work forces for themselves. When these are examined, the concealed docket in representation is exposed and it sparks one of the most castigatory actions to sexual class political relations: adult females discontinue watching the work forces in suits and ship on their ain representation. In the Judgment of Paris, a narrative presumptively originated by work forces, starts by exposing the, amour propre of female: a difference of three goddesses over their single beauty triggers the meeting with Paris, the incentive and the effects. Then their characters are with vengefulness and conceit fleshed out, so there is no manner that a safe determination can be made by Paris, allow entirely one that is merely. The goddesses are blamed for all of it. Yet this narrative gives possibilities for the creative person ( who is non discerning with incrimination ) to size up the relationships between power and gender. Purportedly, as Berger suggests, Paris and other male viewing audiences have the authorization of judgement over the female beauty, but inside the universe of the narrative, the existent authorization is with the goddesses. Decidedly, in the after effects the statement at Troy it is there goddesses who were over and over once more responsible for the lickings and triumphs of work forces, by their undeviating Godhead intercession. The goddess s deity has been artistically represented in assorted ways. Cranach decided to do their figures bright, but besides weak and married woman like. They are so infused with energy by Reuben, but they are on show clearly, for us, every bit good as for Paris. The figures for Raphael are really powerful. They are nude a universe that is bare and filled para. But none of the representations truly represents the power of the power of goddesses over Paris to the degree that is achieved by Watteau ( Anton Watteau, The Judgment of Paris, 1720-image ) . The iconographic necessities are in this image merely as they are in Cranach and Raphael. Paris is shown sitting on the lower portion of the image before the cardinal signifier of Aphrodite. Athena is on the right, and she is already dressed. Hera is withdrawing at the top of the image and is followed by Peacock. Having said all this, image is rather contrary in its constituents from any that had gone earlier this because it is stand foring a valuable mastermind in this picture ; the power of Paris is wholly rendered. Paris about cowers, and the manner he hands apple over her caput is non a gesture of a justice who is confabulating an award but that of a suppliant doing a entry. Athena and Hera see this excessively with Hera professing already and Athena looking to be screening herself from the power of the winning goddess. The state of affairs is more intricate that this, for the power that Aphrodite has is openly sexual. All attending is on her as she disrobes ( except for Hermes turned off, of class ) . However, all that is able to be observed by the witnesss in the representation is her lower half. Cupid makes certain that Paris gets a clear position of the genitalias of Aphrodite s, and that, it seems that it is ad equate to procure her triumph. Berger considers nakedness as a procedure and non an act. The inquiry is what procedure? A European humanitarianism, which tried to see nakedness in footings of individualism, argued that nakedness should be arrived at by patching different parts of the organic structure. The ground for this statement is that painting images of bare adult females is a personal involvement. There are parts, that he likes most, and, hence, will desire those parts painted for him. Berger s representation of these facts about adult females ; can be generalized as false beliefs that try to specify nakedness of adult females. It is non just that Berger has these sentiments on adult females. The bare presentation of adult females airss several treatments on whether adult females are truly animal objects that are merely at that place for the amusement of work forces. The techniques, which Berger has used, are non a good representation of adult females. Contrary to Berger s believes, adult females are non inactive in the society and are non sexual symbols. The oil pictures of bare people of whether male or female constitute nakedness and should be viewed in the same manner as nakedness in adult females is viewed.

Cancer and How It Develops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cancer and How It Develops - Essay Example However a tumor on reaching a critical mass secretes chemicals to tempt blood vessels to invade the tumor to provide a channel for its nutrient supply and waste removal to support its uncontrolled growth. This also opens up a route for the cancer cells to metastasize or spread to other locations in the body through the blood and lymph vessels making surgical removal impossible. Chemotherapy or radiation is used to destroy metastasized cells. Cancerous cells defy the control mechanisms that are placed to regulate cell division. In a normal cell cycle proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in combination with each other regulate cell division. Proto-oncogenes promote the division of cells through its effects on growth factors or by producing them where as products of tumor- suppressor genes act in damage control such as repair and programmed cell death. Mutations in these genes results in malfunctions in cell cycle and leads to uncontrolled cell division giving rise to cancerous cells. Mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene p53 is associated with more than half known cancers. A protein produced by gene p53 regulates another gene whose gene product keeps a check on cell division. A mutation in p53 lifts that check resulting in uncontrolled cell division. Mutations in a proto-oncogene turn it to an oncogene which produces larger amounts of proteins (which are mostly growth factors or its receptors) or enhances the activi ty of the protein resulting in hyper stimulation of cell-division. A distinguishing character of cancer cells is its lack of contact inhibition. They are devoid of anchorage unlike in normal cells that stop division on contact with neighboring cells through information from signaling systems. Failure to trigger the mechanism of programmed cell death or apoptosis also is a characteristic of cancerous cells. The genetic suicide program is activated in normal cells in response to a physiological or biological signal in

Identify and explain key difference between Europenization and Term Paper

Identify and explain key difference between Europenization and Globalization - Term Paper Example According to neo-liberal approach (Ladi 2007; Held 1999), Europeanization converts principles of Western liberal democracy, European identity and cooperation with regional organizations. The paper contains research and comparative analysis of two above phenomena in such spheres as regionalization, governance institutions, public sector reforms and Eastern European enlargement. Discovering differences of two above phenomena, it is necessary to define them as independent integral processes. For instance, Held and Iankova (Held 1999; Iankova 2007) claim that globalization weakens state structure and promotes overall policy change. Deregulation policy in mass media or any other economic sphere occurs parallel to political liberalization. On the one hand, it could become a source of efficient innovative modes of governance and statehood weakening. In this case, globalization is â€Å"a process in progress, where a large number of governmental and non-governmental agents plays an important role within the system of global governance.† (Ladi 2007, p. 4) It promotes regional integration and modification of governmental institutions in the EU. There is a widespread standpoint that Europeanization is a subsystem of globalization (Einhorn and Logue 2004). For example, economic globalization predetermines flourishing of economic models of the EU member-states. It results into deregulation, simplified taxation, goods transportation and broadening of national labor markets in Scandinavian countries. The authors analyze mechanisms of globalization within domestic environment. As Scandinavian countries have a mixed economic model with limited state ownership (Einhorn et al. 2004), governmental intervention into economic life of local communities has decreased. â€Å"Even public sector debt to GDP ratios and fiscal policy are explicitly impacted by